Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte / Influence of mycotoxicological and nutritional quality of maize hybrids on broiler chickens feed cost

Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)

Determination of mycotoxins in pu-erh tea, black tea, and green tea samples / 中国中药杂志

To establish a robust method for the determination of mycotoxins in tea samples, and to provide means for the quality and safety control of tea products. Samples of 20 tea products acquired from international market were extracted by organic solvents (acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid) or hot water, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS.A good linear regression was achieved in a range of 39.1 to 5 000 ng•L⁻¹ for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), 117 to 15 000 ng•L⁻¹ for aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), 2.44 to 313 ng•L⁻¹ for fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisinB2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and 3 125 to 5 000 ng•L⁻¹ for deoxynivalenol, with recovery rates between 85.7% and 99.6%. The coefficient of the linear equation for all standards was greater than 0.999 0, and the RSD value was less than 10%. Mycotoxins were detected in several tea samples using the two extraction methods but with different outcomes. The levels of mycotoxins detected ranging from 0.15 to 7.31 μg•kg⁻¹ were well below the State or US FDA regulation limits of mycotoxins in food products. Both methods are simple, accurate, and sensitive, and thus, suitable for the quantitative determination of mycotoxins in different food products. The method with the 80 ℃ hot-water extraction is more appropriate to determine the trace amounts of mycotoxins in tea leaves that are likely to be present in brewed tea liquor, while organic solvent method is more suitable for the detection of mycotoxins in ingestible foods.

Micotoxicosis y micotoxinas: generalidades y aspectos básicos / Mycotoxicosis and mycotoxins: generalities and basic aspects

El término micotoxicosis hace referencia a un amplio grupo de intoxicaciones causadas por la inhalación, el contacto directo o la ingestión de alimentos que han sido contaminados con micotoxinas, las cuales son metabolitos tóxicos producidos por una gran variedad de hongos filamentosos, entre los que se destacan los géneros Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, Penicillium y Stachybotrys. Esta es una revisión que analiza el impacto clínico de ciertas micotoxinas (aflatoxinas, ocratoxinas, fumonisinas, tricotecenos) en la génesis de las micotoxicosis en los seres humanos.

Mycotoxicosis refers to a large group of poisoning by inhalation, contact or ingestion of food that has been contaminated with mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites, produced by a variety of filamentous fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, Penicillium and Stachybotrys. This is a review that analyzes the clinical impact of certain mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes) in the genesis of mycotoxicosis in human beings.

Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Fumonisin B2 in Formula Feeds for Livestock and Poultry by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method was developed for the determination of fumonisin B1 ( FB1 ) and fumonisin B2 ( FB2 ) in livestock and poultry formula feeds by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS. After extracted by acetonitrile-water (50: 50, V/V) and purified with MAX solid phase extraction column, the fumonisins were separated by Thermo C18(100 mm×2. 1 mm, 5 μm) column with 0. 1% formic acid in water and methanol as the mobile phase. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to acquire mass spectrometric data under electrospray positive ionization mode ( ESI+) . The results showed that the linear correlation coefficients (R2) of fumonisin FB1 and FB2 were all greater than 0. 999 in the range of 1-500 μg/L. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0. 098 and 0. 197 μg/L, and the limits of detection ( LOD) were 0. 328 and 0. 656 μg/L, respectively. At different spiked levels, the recoveries of FB1 and FB2 were ranged from 89. 7% to 95. 1%, and the relative standard deviation ( RSD) was ranged from 3. 2% to 8. 6%. Additionally, the detection rate reached 98. 11% screening through the established method in the 106 livestock and poultry formula feeds collected from markets. This result indicates that the method is suitable for accurate quantitative analysis of FB1 and FB2 in different complicated livestock and poultry formula feeds.

Fusarium species and fumonisins associated with maize kernels produced in Rio Grande do Sul State for the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons

Ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are among the main fungal diseases that contribute to poor quality and the contamination of maize grains with mycotoxins. This study aimed to determine the visual incidence of fungal-damaged kernels (FDKs), the incidence of two main Gibberella (a teleomorph of Fusarium) complexes (G. fujikuroi and G. zeae) associated with maize using a seed health blotter test, and the fumonisin levels, using high performance liquid chromatography, in samples of maize grains grown across 23 municipalities during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons. Additionally, 104 strains that were representative of all of the analysed samples were identified to species using PCR assays. The mean FDK was seven per cent, and only six of the samples had levels greater than six per cent. Fusarium spp. of the G. fujikuroi complex were present in 96% of the samples, and G. zeae was present in 18% of the samples (5/27). The mean incidence of G. fujikuroi was 58%, and the incidence of G. zeae varied from 2 to 6%. FB1 was found in 58.6%, FB2 in 37.9%, and both toxins in 37.9% of the samples. The FB1 and FB2 levels were below the quantification limits for 41.3% of the samples, and the mean FB1 levels (0.66 µg/g) were higher than the mean FB2 levels (0.42 µg/g). The PCR identification separated the 104 isolates into three of the G. fujikuroi complex: F. verticillioides (76%), F. subglutinans (4%) and F. proliferatum (2%); and G. zeae (anamorph = F. graminearum) (18%). Our results confirmed the dominance of F. verticillioides, similar to other regions of Brazil, but they differed due to the relatively higher incidence of F. graminearum. Total fumonisin levels were below the maximum limit determined by current Brazilian regulations.

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) due to fumonisins B1 and B2 in Argentina / Leucoencefalomalacia equina devida a fumonisinas B1 e B2 na Argentina

In August 2007 an outbreak of neurological disease and sudden death in Arabian horses occurred in a farm located in Coronel Rosales County, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The animals were on a pasture of native grasses and supplemented ad libitum with corn kernels and wheat bran. Three horses were observed having acute neurologic signs including blindness, four leg ataxia, hyperexcitability, aimless walking and circling, followed by death in two of them. Four other horses were found dead overnight without a history of neurologic signs. The morbidity, mortality and lethality rates were 11.6 percent, 10 percent and 85.7 percent, respectively. Grossly, the brain showed focal areas of hemorrhage, brown-yellow discoloration and softening of the sub-cortical white matter. The microscopic brain lesions consisted of extensive areas of malacia within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum, characterized by rarefaction of the white matter with cavitations filled with proteinaceous edema, multifocal hemorrhages and mild infiltration by neutrophils, and rare eosinophils. Swollen glial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, distinct cell borders, intracytoplasmic deeply eosinophilic globules and eccentric, hyperchromatic, occasionally pyknotic nucleus were present throughout the areas of rarefaction hemorrhage, edema and necrosis. The feed supplements contained 12,490µg/kg of fumonisin B1 and 5,251µg/ kg of fumonisin B2. This is the first reported outbreak of ELEM associated with consumption of feed supplements containing high concentrations of fumonisins in Argentina.

Em agosto de 2007, ocorreu um surto de doença neurológica e morte súbita em cavalos árabes em uma propriedade localizada no município de Coronel Rosales, na província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Os animais estavam em pasto nativo e eram suplementados ad libitum com grãos de milho e farelo de trigo. Três cavalos foram observados com sinais neurológicos agudos, incluindo cegueira, ataxia nas quatro pernas, hiperexcitabilidade, e andar sem rumo e em círculo, seguidos de morte em dois animais. Outros quatro cavalos foram encontrados mortos durante a noite sem histórico de distúrbios neurológicos. A mortalidade, morbidade e letalidade foram de 11,6 por cento, 10 por cento e 85,7 por cento, respectivamente. Macroscopicamente, o cérebro tinha áreas focais de hemorragia, coloração amarelada e amolecimento da substância branca sub-cortical. Microscopicamente, as lesões cerebrais consistiram de extensas áreas de malácia na substância branca dos hemisférios cerebrais, do tronco encefálico e do cerebelo. Estas lesões da substância branca se caracterizaram por rarefação, cavidades contendo fluido proteináceo (edema), hemorragias multifocais e moderado infiltrado por neutrófilos e raros eosinófilos. Células gliais tumefeitas com abundante citoplasma eosinifílico, limites celulares evidentes, globules citoplasmáticos eosinofílicos, e núcleo excéntrico, hipercromático e ocasionalmente picnótico foram observadas nas areas de rarefacção, edema, hemorragias e necrose. Os suplementos alimentares continham 12.490µg/kg de fumonisina B1 e 5.251µg/ kg de fumonisina B2. Este é o primeiro surto reportado na Argentina de leucoencefalomalácia equina associado ao consumo de suplementos alimentares contendo altas concentrações de fumonisinas.

Consumo de fumonisinas y daños a la salud humana / Fumonisin intake and human health

Las fumonisinas son una familia de micotoxinas que contaminan al maíz, alteran el metabolismo de los esfingolípidos y del folato, se asocian con defectos del tubo neural y están catalogadas por la Agencia Internacional de Investigación en Cáncer (IARC por sus siglas en inglés) como posibles carcinógenos humanos. Debido a que en México los derivados de maíz constituyen una parte importante de la dieta y existe alta prevalencia de población genéticamente susceptible a la deficiencia de folato, en este ensayo se presentan las evidencias mundiales y nacionales de la exposición a fumonisinas y la relevancia que para México representa la evaluación de esta exposición.

Fumonisins are mycotoxins that contaminate maize, disrupt the folate and sphingolipid metabolism, are associated with neural tube defects, and are considered by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as possible human carcinogens. Since maize-based foods are significant components of the Mexican diet and there is a high prevalence of genetic susceptibility for folate deficiency among Mexicans, this essay presents international and national evidence of fumonisin exposure and the relevance that such exposure represents for Mexico.

Fumonisins in corn cultivars in the state of São Paulo

Twenty three samples, belonging to 19 corn cultivars with distinct types of germoplasms, endosperm and length of vegetative cycle, were analyzed for fumonisins B1 and B2. The cultivars were grown in experimental fields in three locations (Votuporanga, Ribeirão Preto and Capão Bonito) within the State of São Paulo, Brazil, during the 97/98 crop. All samples were contaminated with fumonisins with concentrations ranging from 1.63 µg/g to 25.69 µg/g with an average of 5.61 µg/g for FB1 and from 0.38 µg/g to 8.60 µg/g with an average of 1.86 µg/g for FB2. In terms of fumonisins, these high levels put the corn cultivated in São Paulo among the most contaminated in the world reported to date.

Vinte e três amostras, representando 19 cultivares de milho com diferentes tipos de germoplasma, de endosperma e ciclo vegetativo, foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de fumonisinas em três Estações Experimentais do Instituto Agronômico (Capão Bonito, Ribeirão Preto e Votuporanga) em São Paulo, Brasil, durante a safra de 97/98. Todos os cultivares analisados estavam contaminados com fumonisinas em níveis que variaram de 1.63 µg/g a 25.69 µg/g e uma média de 5.61 µg/g FB1 e de 0.38 µg/g a 8.60 µg/g e uma média de 1.86 µg/g FB2. Estes níveis tão elevados colocam o milho cultivado no Estado de São Paulo entre os mais contaminados do mundo em termos de fumonisinas.

Avaliaçäo de métodos para determinaçäo de fumonisinas B1 e B2 em milho / Evaluation of analytical methods and optimization of conditions for the determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn

Sistemas de extraçäo e limpeza foram avaliados para determinaçäo de fumonisimas em milho. O método descrito por Sydenham et alii (1992) apresentou a melhor limpeza. A recuperaçäo encontrada, no entanto, estava abaixo de 50 (por cento) para fumonisinas B1 e B2 (FB1 e FB2). O método foi modificado e a extraçäo com metanol/água (3+1) foi mantida, os volumes de solventes no condicionamento e lavagem da coluna de troca aniônica forte foram aumentados para 10 mL e o volume e composiçäo do solvente de eluiçäo alterado para 20 mL metanol/ácido acético (95+5). Após estas modificaçöes a recuperaçäo elevou-se para a faixa de 93 a 96 (por cento) para FB1 e 69 a 85 (por cento) para FB2. O solvente de eluiçäo por CLAE com detecçäo por fluorescência foi modificado para acetonitrila/água/ácido acético glacial (50+50+0,5) durante os primeiros 15 minutos com troca para acetonitrila pura até o final da corrida. As condiçöes de derivaçäo das FB1 e FB2 com o o-ftaldialdeído (OPA) foram também otimizadas empregando 100 L de extrato com 200 L do reagente OPA entre 5 - 15oC por 60 segundos. As novas condiçöes melhoram os limites de detecçäo para 20 e 40 ng/g FB1 E FB2, respectivamente, e o desvio padräo relativo entre duplicatas para 0,6(por cento) para FB1 e 2,2(por cento) para FB2. (AU)

Extraction and clean up systems were evaluated for the determination of fumonisins in com. The best clean up was found in the method described by Sydenham et alii (1992). Recovery, nonetheless, was found to be bellow 50% for fumonisins B I and B2 (FB 1 and FB2). The method was modified and methanol/water (3+ I) was kept as the extraction solvent, the volumes of the anionic Exchange column conditioning and washing solventes were increased to 10 mL and both the volume and the composition of the eluting solvente were altered to 20 mL methanol/acetic acid (95+5). After these modifications were introduced the method recovery was 95 to 96% for FB 1 and 69 to 72% for FB2. The eIution solvente for the HPLC with fIourescence detection step was also modified to acetonitri- le/water/acetic acid (50+50+0,5) during the first 15 minutes followed by purê acetonitrile for the rest of the run. The conditions employed during the derivatization reaction of fumonsins with o-phtaldialdehy- de (OPA) were also optimized to utilize 100 L sample extract and 200 L OPA solution at 5 - 15 T during60 seconds.The newconditions improved the detection limits to 20 and 40 ng/g for FB 1 and FB2, respectively, and to an average standard deviation between duplicates of 0,6% for FB I and for FB2. (AU) .